The offering of services also includes the offering of information society services, defined in point (b) of Article 1(1) of Directive (EU) 2015/1535. Also, note that while the notion of “directing an activity” differs from the “offering of goods or services”, the EDPB deems the case law in Pammer v Reederei Karl Schlüter GmbH & Co and Hotel Alpenhof v Heller (Joined cases C-585/08 and C-144/09) might be of assistance when considering whether goods or services are offered to a data subject in the Union.